New CDC Data Shows Progress on STI and Overdose Prevention
New data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) marks the first significant declines in both sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and drug overdose deaths after nearly two decades of consistent increases. According to CDC's 2023 STI surveillance report, STI rates have decreased by 1.8% from 2022 to 2023, while provisional data through June 2024 indicates a 14.5% decline in national overdose deaths compared to the previous year. These improvements highlight the impact of recent targeted public health interventions, but significant barriers remain, especially in underserved populations and high-burden regions. The incoming Trump Administration's approach to public health funding raises concerns about the stability of these gains, as political shifts can lead to funding uncertainties and program disruptions.
A Closer Look at the STI Data
The CDC's 2023 STI surveillance report reveals encouraging improvements across several key metrics. Gonorrhea cases declined by 7.2%, falling below pre-pandemic levels, and primary and secondary (P&S) syphilis cases decreased by 10.2%, marking the first substantial decline in over two decades. Perhaps most notably, the rate of congenital syphilis increase slowed significantly to 3% compared to previous annual increases of up to 30%.
Despite these positive trends, persistent disparities continue to be a significant concern. Young people aged 15-24 years account for 48.2% of all reported STI cases, although they represent only 25% of the sexually active population. Gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) remain disproportionately affected, making up 32.7% of all P&S syphilis cases in 2023. Racial and ethnic disparities are also evident, with Black and American Indian/Alaska Native populations experiencing significantly higher rates of all measured STIs compared to other groups.
Geographic disparities further complicate the picture. The South and West regions of the United States report the highest STI rates, with limited testing accessibility and healthcare infrastructure contributing to these regional differences. Targeted prevention measures in high-burden regions will be critical to further reducing these disparities and sustaining progress.
Progress in Overdose Prevention
CDC provisional data through June 2024 indicates a significant decline of 14.5% in national drug overdose deaths compared to the previous year. Forty-five states report decreases in overdose deaths, with North Carolina, Nebraska, and West Virginia showing the most notable reductions of 30%, 23%, and 19%, respectively. However, five Western states continue to report increases, highlighting ongoing geographic disparities in overdose prevention effectiveness.
One of the key factors contributing to these improvements is the expanded access to naloxone, particularly after its approval for over-the-counter use in March 2023. Increased naloxone availability, paired with interventions to reduce solitary drug use, is estimated to have the potential to reduce overdose deaths by up to 37.4%.
Despite this progress, access to overdose prevention services remains inconsistent. Rural areas, especially in the Western United States, face unique challenges due to limited availability of treatment options and prevention tools. This calls for more targeted interventions to bridge the gap between urban and rural areas.
Federal Investments and Policy Shifts
Recent federal funding initiatives signal a strategic shift towards integrated prevention approaches. The Biden Administration's $65.7 million prevention and treatment package, announced in August 2024, emphasizes coordinated responses to overlapping public health challenges, including STIs and substance use disorders. Of this, $27.5 million is specifically allocated for substance use prevention services across states, local governments, and tribal communities.
Additional investments include the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services’ (HHS) Minority HIV/AIDS Fund's $4.8 million support for initiatives targeting doxycycline post-exposure prophylaxis (doxy PEP) and point-of-care testing for HIV and syphilis in 13 jurisdictions. These efforts focus on regions identified as having high unmet needs, aiming to reduce barriers to STI prevention and treatment, particularly for marginalized populations.
However, funding sustainability remains an ongoing challenge, especially with the uncertainty introduced by the changing political landscape and the potential for shifts in federal priorities under the new administration. The 2023 rescission of $400 million in disease intervention specialist funds has forced staff reductions across state health departments, compromising the ability to provide essential contact tracing, partner services, and community outreach. While the Senate Appropriations Committee has proposed a $2 million increase for STI prevention programs, it falls significantly short of offsetting previous cuts, posing a substantial risk to the gains made in recent years.
Barriers to Sustained Progress
Despite progress, systemic barriers threaten the sustainability of current improvements in STI and overdose prevention. Key challenges include limited workforce capacity, geographic disparities in access to care, and medical supply chain issues.
Workforce Capacity and Geographic Barriers
The loss of $400 million in disease intervention specialist funding has significantly impacted state-level prevention efforts, leading to workforce reductions across health departments and limiting their capacity to provide necessary prevention services. The impacts of these workforce reductions are most acutely felt in the South and West regions, where both STI and overdose rates remain highest.
Healthcare delivery infrastructure also presents notable barriers. In rural and underserved communities, access to testing and prevention services remains a critical issue. Without targeted investment in these areas, disparities in healthcare access will persist, undermining the broader public health goals of reducing STI and overdose rates.
Supply Chain Vulnerabilities
Another critical challenge lies in supply chain vulnerabilities, particularly for key medications like Bicillin L-A, which is the only approved treatment for congenital syphilis. Shortages in Bicillin L-A have complicated the treatment of congenital syphilis, which already poses a substantial burden on maternal health services. The 2023 STI surveillance report highlights 3,882 reported congenital syphilis cases, including 279 stillbirths and infant deaths, emphasizing the urgent need for stable access to treatment.
Funding Instability
Funding instability continues to undermine long-term progress. The inconsistent nature of prevention program funding—often reliant on short-term grants—makes it challenging for state health departments to maintain consistent services and infrastructure. Transitioning to sustainable funding models that support long-term planning and implementation is crucial if gains are to be maintained and expanded.
Path Forward: Scaling Effective Models and Sustainable Funding
To build on recent successes in reducing STI and overdose rates, it is essential to strengthen and expand effective prevention models, address healthcare access disparities, and secure sustainable funding sources. Below are recommendations to ensure continued progress:
1. Transition to Sustainable Funding Mechanisms
Federal and state funding for STI and overdose prevention programs must transition from sporadic grants to more reliable, sustained funding streams. The restoration of the $400 million disease intervention specialist funding should be prioritized to rebuild essential workforce capacity. Without a stable financial foundation, health departments will struggle to maintain prevention programs and respond effectively to emerging challenges.
2. Expand Proven Prevention Models Nationally
Programs such as CDC's PS-24-0003, which supports HIV prevention in sexual health clinics, and PS-23-0011, which expands services in high-burden communities, have demonstrated effectiveness in improving health outcomes. Scaling these models to a national level, with an emphasis on high-burden regions, will help ensure that the successes seen in certain areas can be replicated more broadly.
3. Strengthen Healthcare Access in Underserved Areas
Addressing geographic disparities requires focused efforts to expand healthcare access in rural and underserved communities. Efforts should include increasing the availability of rapid testing, supporting mobile health units, strengthening telemedicine infrastructure, and investing in the development of local healthcare workforces. Such measures will help bridge the gaps in access and contribute to reducing the unequal burden of STIs and overdose deaths across regions.
4. Address Supply Chain Issues for Essential Medications
To mitigate the impact of medication shortages, federal policy must prioritize securing stable supply chains for essential treatments like Bicillin L-A. This might include incentives for domestic production or other strategies to ensure a consistent supply of critical medications.
5. Enhance Data Collection and Integration
Modernizing data collection and surveillance systems will enhance the ability to track health outcomes and guide resource allocation. Improved integration between public health and healthcare systems can facilitate more timely and effective responses, reduce duplicative efforts, and enhance the overall efficiency of prevention programs.
Moving Towards Sustainable Progress
Recent data showing reductions in STI and overdose rates demonstrate the positive impact of well-targeted public health interventions. However, sustaining and expanding upon this progress requires systematic policy changes and sustained commitment to prevention infrastructure. Addressing systemic barriers—including funding instability, geographic and racial disparities, workforce limitations, and supply chain challenges—will be crucial to achieving long-term success. By scaling effective programs, ensuring equitable access to healthcare services, and committing to long-term funding, there is potential not only to maintain recent gains but to significantly move towards reducing the incidence of STIs and overdose deaths nationwide.
Partisan Battles Put Public Health Programs in Jeopardy
Federal support for public health programs stood at a critical inflection point in 2024, with mounting evidence that political polarization threatens to undermine decades of progress in disease prevention and healthcare access. The O'Neill Institute's analysis of the HIV response highlights a broader pattern affecting America's entire public health infrastructure: an erosion of bipartisan cooperation is creating tangible negative impacts on healthcare delivery and outcomes.
Recent developments illustrate this crisis. The President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), historically celebrated as one of the most successful public health initiatives in U.S. history, received only a one-year reauthorization in March 2024 instead of its traditional five-year renewal. This shortened timeframe introduces uncertainty for partner countries and threatens program stability. Similarly, Tennessee's rejection of $8.3 million in Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) HIV prevention funding exemplifies how state-level political decisions can directly impact public health services and infrastructure.
The implementation of the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA), while advancing certain healthcare affordability goals, has created unintended consequences for safety-net providers. Changes to drug pricing and reimbursement structures are affecting 340B program revenues that support critical healthcare services for vulnerable populations.
These challenges emerge against a backdrop of chronic underfunding, with the Prevention and Public Health Fund losing $12.95 billion between FY 2013-2029. This combination of political polarization and resource constraints threatens to create long-lasting negative impacts on healthcare access and population health outcomes, demanding a renewed commitment to depoliticizing essential public health infrastructure and services.
An Erosion of Bipartisan Support
The deterioration of bipartisan cooperation in public health policy represents a significant shift from historical norms that prioritized health outcomes over political ideology. PEPFAR exemplifies this change. Created under President George W. Bush's administration in 2003, PEPFAR has saved over 25 million lives and currently provides HIV prevention and treatment services to millions across 55 countries. Despite this documented success, the program's 2024 reauthorization became entangled in partisan debates over abortion rights.
"I'm disappointed," Rep. Michael McCaul (R-Texas) stated. "Honestly, I was looking forward to marking up a five-year reauthorization, and now I'm in this abortion debate." McCaul added that "a lot of the Freedom Caucus guys would not want to give aid to Africa." The inclusion of abortion rights in the reauthorization debate reflects ongoing polarization within Congress, which has hindered the passage of traditionally bipartisan public health initiatives. This opposition led to an unprecedented short-term reauthorization through March 2025, creating instability for partner countries and threatening program sustainability.
At the state level, Tennessee's decision to reject $8.3 million in CDC HIV prevention funding reflects similar political calculations overshadowing public health considerations. The state's choice to forgo federal support impacts disease surveillance, testing services, and prevention programs that serve people living with HIV and those at risk of acquiring HIV. This rejection of federal funding occurred despite Tennessee ranking 7th among U.S. states for new HIV diagnoses in 2022.
Such decisions mark a stark departure from historical bipartisan support for public health initiatives. Previous health emergencies, from polio to the early HIV epidemic, generated collaborative responses across party lines. The Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program, established in 1990, exemplified this approach, receiving consistent bipartisan support for reauthorization until 2009, its last reauthorization.
The shift away from bipartisan cooperation extends beyond specific programs to affect broader global health initiatives. PEPFAR's instability impacts America's global health leadership position and threatens the progress made in HIV prevention and treatment worldwide. The program's uncertain future affects procurement planning, workforce retention, and long-term strategy development in partner countries, potentially reversing decades of progress in global health security.
Funding Crisis and Infrastructure Impacts
The public health funding landscape reveals a pattern of chronic underinvestment that threatens core infrastructure capabilities. The Prevention and Public Health Fund (PPHF), established under Section 4002 of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (ACA) to provide sustained investment in prevention and public health programs, has lost $12.95 billion between FY 2013-2029 through repeated cuts and diversions. These reductions represent approximately one-third of the fund's originally allocated $33 billion, significantly limiting its ability to support essential public health services.
The CDC faces mounting infrastructure challenges due to stagnant funding. While COVID-19 response funds provided temporary relief, these emergency appropriations have been largely obligated or rescinded. The Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023 rescinded approximately $13.2 billion in emergency response funding from public health agencies, including the CDC, creating a significant funding cliff. Programs facing severe reductions include the Advanced Molecular Detection program, which will revert to its annual base appropriation of $40 million from a one-time supplemental of $1.7 billion, severely limiting disease surveillance capabilities.
State-level impacts manifest in critical staffing shortages and outdated systems. Public health experts estimate that state and local health departments need to increase their workforce by nearly 80%, requiring an additional 26,000 full-time positions at the state level and 54,000 at the local level. The National Wastewater Surveillance System, crucial for early detection of disease outbreaks, faces reduction from $500 million in supplemental funding to a proposed $20 million in FY 2025, threatening its operational viability.
These funding constraints create cascading effects across the public health system. The Public Health Infrastructure Grant program, which has awarded $4.35 billion to strengthen foundational capabilities across 107 state, territorial, and local health departments, expires in FY 2027 without a clear sustainability plan. Similarly, the Bridge Access Program, ensuring COVID-19 vaccine access for 25-30 million adults without health insurance, ended in August 2024, leaving millions without access to updated vaccines. These funding cuts have significantly curtailed prevention services, limiting the CDC's ability to maintain disease surveillance systems and provide timely interventions.
Healthcare Access and Safety Net Impacts
The implementation of the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) has created unintended consequences for safety-net providers, particularly through its impact on the 340B Drug Pricing Program. Research examining 340B-eligible hospitals reveals concerning trends in charity care provision, with only 9 out of 38 hospitals (23.7%) reporting increases in charity care as a percentage of annual revenues after gaining 340B eligibility. This decline in charity care occurs despite significant revenue increases from 340B participation, raising questions about program effectiveness in expanding healthcare access for vulnerable populations.
Data indicates that hospital participation in the 340B program correlates with substantial revenue growth but diminishing charity care services. The average decrease in charity care provision as a percentage of annual revenues was 14.79% across examined hospitals. This trend is particularly concerning in states with high poverty rates. For example, three West Virginia hospitals—Cabell-Huntington Hospital, Pleasant Valley Hospitals, and Charleston Area Medical Center—reported some of the largest decreases in charity care despite serving a state where 28.1% of people earn less than 150% of the Federal Poverty Level.
Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs) face unique challenges under these changing dynamics. Unlike hospitals, FQHCs must reinvest every 340B dollar earned into patient care or operations to maximize access. However, the IRA's implementation of Medicare drug price negotiations and insulin cost caps affects the rebate calculations that support these reinvestments, potentially reducing available resources for patient care.
Medication access challenges extend beyond 340B implications. Pharmacy Benefit Managers (PBMs) have responded to IRA provisions by adjusting formularies, sometimes excluding medications that previously generated significant rebates. This particularly impacts insulin coverage, where certain products have been dropped from formularies despite the IRA's intent to improve insulin affordability. These decisions create new barriers to medication access for people who rely on safety-net providers for healthcare services.
Public Health Consequences
The convergence of political polarization and funding constraints creates measurable negative impacts on disease prevention efforts, weakening the capacity of public health systems to effectively address emerging and ongoing health threats. Data from the CDC shows that despite a 12% decrease in new HIV diagnoses over the past five years, driven largely by a 30% reduction among young people, progress in reducing new infections has stalled. The lack of sufficient funding, compounded by political challenges, has limited the capacity to expand prevention services, enhance outreach, and maintain necessary treatment programs. The 31,800 new HIV diagnoses reported in 2022 highlight how flat funding and political barriers have hindered further advances. These barriers prevent scaling up successful prevention strategies, limit access to innovative treatments, and constrain efforts to address disparities in vulnerable communities. Notably, significant disparities persist, particularly among gay men across all racial and ethnic groups, transgender women, Black people, and Latino people. These populations continue to face systemic barriers to healthcare access, stigma, and a lack of targeted resources, all of which contribute to ongoing inequities in health outcomes.
Vaccine hesitancy, intensified by political division, threatens population health outcomes. The CDC reports that routine vaccination rates for kindergarten-age children have not returned to pre-pandemic levels, while exemption claims have increased. Nearly three-quarters of states failed to meet the federal target vaccination rate of 95% for measles, mumps, and rubella during the 2022-23 school year, increasing outbreak risks.
Health disparities are exacerbated when political decisions override public health considerations. Tennessee's rejection of CDC funding exemplifies how political choices can disproportionately impact communities already experiencing health inequities by reducing access to essential prevention and treatment services. Such decisions particularly affect regions where HIV rates among transgender women increased by 25%, and Latino gay men now account for 39% of all HIV diagnoses among men who have sex with men.
Community health center sustainability faces mounting challenges as funding mechanisms become increasingly unstable. The expiration of COVID-19 emergency funding, combined with uncertain 340B revenues and growing workforce shortages, threatens these essential safety-net providers. Public health experts estimate an 80% workforce gap in state and local health departments, hampering their ability to deliver essential services and respond to emerging health threats.
Uncertain Future Under New Administration
With Donald Trump’s return to the White House, the future of the nation's public health programs remains uncertain. The president-elect’s stance on health policy has historically emphasized deregulation, work requirements, and reductions in safety net programs, and early indications suggest a continuation of these priorities.
The new administration is poised to bring changes that could scale back Medicaid, reduce the Affordable Care Act’s consumer protections, and restrict reproductive health access—all of which have the potential to exacerbate existing health inequities and widen the gap in healthcare access for marginalized populations. Furthermore, the inclusion of vaccine skeptic Robert F. Kennedy Jr. among Trump’s advisors could undermine public confidence in vaccination campaigns and other science-backed public health interventions.
Although Trump has not explicitly targeted programs like PEPFAR, the Ryan White Program, or other core public health initiatives, the broader agenda of cutting federal funding and shifting health policy decisions to the state level raises significant concerns. These shifts could ultimately weaken the country’s safety net programs, leading to an increase in uninsured rates and preventable health disparities.
The reemergence of a more partisan approach to healthcare policy, especially one with a focus on cost-cutting and minimal regulatory oversight, risks destabilizing public health progress made over the last several decades. Public health stakeholders—ranging from healthcare providers to patient advocates—will need to prepare for a period of heightened uncertainty and potentially significant changes to the public health landscape.
The coming months will likely determine how public health priorities and programs evolve in this new political era. Advocacy groups, healthcare professionals, and policymakers must remain vigilant and ready to respond as the Trump administration shapes its healthcare policy agenda, one that could either sustain or significantly alter the course of public health in the United States. Such shifts threaten to undermine the nation’s public health stability, with repercussions for healthcare costs, access, and the ability to prevent and control emerging health threats.
Payer-Denied PrEP Fails Black Women and Marginalized Communities
In the battle against HIV, Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) stands out as a transformative defense, significantly lowering infection risks for those most vulnerable. However, this critical protection remains alarmingly out of reach for many, especially Black women, due to insurance payers' denial of coverage. This systemic neglect transcends a mere healthcare gap; it's a stark reflection of the health disparities that exist in the United States’ healthcare construct.
Recent findings from IDWeek 2023, led by Li Tao, MD, PhD, confirm: obstacles to PrEP, particularly insurance denials, are directly linked to rising HIV diagnoses. The research, spanning January 2019 to February 2023, exposes a distressing reality where people with rejected PrEP claims encountered a 95% higher likelihood of new HIV diagnoses compared to recipients of the medication.
Moreover, delays in PrEP dispensing due to these denials correlated with approximately a 20% increased HIV contraction risk, emphasizing the urgency of immediate PrEP access. This isn't just a postponement; it's a life-threatening denial disproportionately affecting marginalized communities. The study highlights the necessity of prompt PrEP access to prevent new HIV infections, especially for those with rejected or abandoned claims.
Further analysis showed the lowest HIV diagnoses among cisgender men with dispensed claims, contrasting with the highest rates among transgender women and men with abandoned claims. Individuals with sexually transmitted infections in the rejected or abandoned groups also faced elevated HIV diagnosis rates.
These insights "emphasize the dire need to eliminate PrEP access barriers to halt HIV transmission," the researchers concluded.
Empowering People: The Psychological Benefits of PrEP
PrEP's impact extends beyond physical health, offering significant psychological relief. A recent study in Pharmacy Times illustrated that PrEP usage enhances the confidence of people in having safer sex, reducing HIV transmission anxiety. This security is crucial, especially for communities burdened by the constant dread of HIV. It represents not just a medical breakthrough but an empowerment tool, allowing people to regain control over their sexual health without looming HIV fears.
The study, conducted over 96 weeks, encompassed participants from various backgrounds, including men who have sex with men, transgender women, and cisgender women. It found that those on PrEP experienced less anxiety and more comfort during sexual activities, confident in their reduced HIV risk. This mental health benefit was consistent across all groups, highlighting PrEP's universal advantage beyond its physical protective effect.
"PrEP is more than a medical solution; it's a source of hope and assurance for those at elevated risk of HIV," the researchers noted. They suggested that this confidence might encourage adherence to the medication, strengthening prevention efforts.
However, when such empowering medical solutions are restricted, it doesn't just withhold a health service; it robs people of the mental peace that accompanies protection. This added psychological strain compounds the systemic injustices that marginalized communities endure, deepening disparities.
Global Perspectives on HIV Prevention
While the U.S. struggles with healthcare inequities, other countries are advancing in the HIV fight. For example, Australia has made significant strides by implementing a comprehensive HIV prevention approach. A pioneering study in The Lancet HIV demonstrated that integrating HIV treatment-as-prevention (TasP) with PrEP significantly reduced new HIV cases among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBM).
This extensive research in New South Wales and Victoria, Australia's most populous states, indicated a substantial rise in the population prevalence of viral suppression, accompanied by a corresponding decline in HIV incidence. The findings advocate for continuous investment in holistic HIV prevention strategies, suggesting that even slight enhancements in treatment and prevention access and adherence can drastically reduce new HIV cases.
However, Australia's success highlights a stark contrast in healthcare access and strategy in the U.S., especially impacting Black women and marginalized communities. The effectiveness of Australia's model stems from its inclusivity, guaranteeing extensive coverage and straightforward access to diagnostic and treatment services. This strategy encompasses not just broad PrEP availability but also a robust focus on TasP, ensuring a high treatment rate among those diagnosed with HIV, thereby lowering their viral load and transmission risk.
In contrast, the U.S. healthcare system's piecemeal strategy, characterized by payer denial for PrEP and other preventive measures, hampers these all-encompassing prevention methods. A Health Affairs study unveiled severe disparities in PrEP access and costs. In 2018, populations such as gay, bisexual, and same gender loving men (GBM), heterosexual women and men, and people who inject drugs encountered the most significant financial barriers. Insurance plays a crucial role in healthcare access, yet it's grossly inadequate regarding PrEP coverage. According to a 2022 study, numerous people encountered administrative barriers, including outright PrEP claim denials. These systemic shortcomings resulted in uncovered costs totaling an astonishing $102.4 million annually, a financial burden that individuals had to shoulder in 2018 alone.
These uncovered costs represent tangible hurdles, keeping potentially life-saving medication inaccessible for many at-risk individuals. The systemic obstacles that Black women face, as outlined in a KFF Health News report, emphasize the grave repercussions of this neglect. Economic challenges, healthcare exclusion, and biased marketing strategies limit PrEP access, leaving this community exposed and overlooked.
The current state demands an immediate reassessment of the U.S. HIV prevention strategy. It's not solely about PrEP accessibility; it's about a comprehensive approach that encompasses effective treatment for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). This strategy involves not just advocating for PrEP insurance coverage but also pushing for extensive healthcare reforms that guarantee all-encompassing coverage, including TasP methods.
Australia's success story provides clear evidence: with the proper dedication and strategic approach, we can substantially lower new HIV transmissions and work towards eradicating the HIV epidemic. However, this achievement requires a collective resolve to seek a healthcare system that serves everyone, not just a privileged minority.
It's time to hold payers and policymakers responsible, to shame them for their role in a system that continues racial and socioeconomic health disparities. Their inaction costs more than money; it costs lives. The U.S. must learn from global success stories and adopt an inclusive, comprehensive HIV prevention strategy that recognizes and caters to the unique needs of all communities, including Black women and other marginalized groups.
The Plight of Black Women
The situation becomes even more tragic when we consider Black women's struggles, especially those identifying as cisgender. Despite bearing a disproportionate burden of the HIV epidemic, Black women face numerous systemic barriers, from healthcare alienation and biased marketing to economic hardships, all limiting their PrEP access, as detailed in a KFF Health News report.
One personal story, that of Alexis Perkins as featured in a PBS NewsHour article, illustrates these challenges. Perkins, a 25-year-old nurse, encountered difficulties in obtaining PrEP despite her proactive health efforts. During her visit to her OB-GYN’s office, Perkins sought a prescription for PrEP but encountered several obstacles. The medical assistant who initially greeted her was not only unfamiliar with PrEP but was uncomfortable discussing it. Furthermore, her provider, though aware of PrEP, did not feel confident prescribing it due to a lack of sufficient knowledge about the medication. Her experience reflects a broader systemic problem where healthcare providers often lack PrEP knowledge or are reluctant to prescribe it, failing to meet Black women's health requirements. "It's not something that's being marketed to us," Perkins expressed in the article, indicating the absence of information directed at Black women.
These systemic barriers extend beyond mere neglect; they inflict direct harm. The research points out exclusionary marketing tactics, where PrEP promotional efforts frequently miss Black women, resulting in misunderstandings and unawareness about PrEP's relevance to their lives. This issue is aggravated by the gender disparity in FDA-approved PrEP medications' accessibility, with some treatments tested solely on male participants, restricting their use for women.
While manufacturers have begun addressing these disparities in marketing materials and clinical trial design for emerging therapies, stigma, radical judicial activism, and lack of strengthened or continued investment in public health all threaten our ability to meet our goals in Ending the HIV Epidemic.
Economic barriers, more common among Black communities, exacerbate these challenges, making consistent PrEP usage difficult. The necessity for regular medical appointments and HIV testing, along with high initiation costs and logistical hurdles, presents significant obstacles. As the PBS article elaborates, these economic and logistical barriers, particularly for those in poverty, are daunting and often insurmountable, barring Black women from the healthcare they deserve.
Addressing this healthcare inequality demands a comprehensive strategy. Economic and social empowerment, community-focused health campaigns, and policy and research initiatives are essential. Improving access to quality employment, healthcare, and stable housing can empower Black women to make informed health decisions. Customized health messaging and community dialogues, as well as policy and research efforts like those by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and Gilead Sciences, are vital steps toward closing these gaps.
Alexis Perkins' story is not unique; it reflects the experiences of many individuals navigating a healthcare system that consistently fails them. As we face these harsh truths, we must acknowledge that this crisis goes beyond medicine; it's a moral issue. The barriers preventing access to PrEP for the most at-risk communities are not mere oversights; they are expressions of a societal hierarchy that deems certain lives less worthy.
This is more than a health disparity; it's a measure of our societal values. Will we maintain a system that actively undermines the health and futures of its most vulnerable? Or do we possess the collective bravery to demand change?
Change is achievable; it's been proven. Nations like Australia have adopted inclusive, forward-thinking, and compassionate public health policies, dramatically reducing HIV transmission and new diagnoses. Their methods show that with sufficient commitment, we can revolutionize healthcare delivery.
Reflecting on the stories of people like Alexis Perkins, let's contemplate our role in this narrative. Will we be passive observers in a system that discriminates and excludes, or will we become advocates, championing a future where healthcare is a right, not a privilege determined by socioeconomic status? The decision is ours, and it's one we must make now. Because with every moment we delay, every moment we choose inaction, we become silent co-conspirators in a system that tallies casualties instead of champions. In a country that boasts freedom and justice for all, how long will we allow these injustices to determine who gets to live, prosper, and contribute to our society?
Unveiling Disparities: OIG Report on HIV Care in Medicaid
A recent report by the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services’ (HHS) Office of Inspector General (OIG) unveiled a startling revelation: one in four Medicaid enrollees with HIV may not have received critical services in 2021. At a time when healthcare systems worldwide were grappling with the COVID-19 pandemic, these findings highlight the compounded struggles faced by People Living with HIV (PLWH) in accessing essential care.
Beyond safeguarding the health of PLWH, viral suppression plays a pivotal role in curbing HIV transmission, a critical metric in the public health effort to end HIV. In alignment with HHS guidelines, achieving consistent viral suppression necessitates three foundational elements: routine medical consultations, ongoing viral load assessments, and unwavering commitment to ART regimens.
Unveiling the Care Gaps
The OIG's analysis reveals pressing challenges within our system:
Out of the 265,493 Medicaid enrollees diagnosed with HIV, a startling 27% were missing evidence of receiving at least one of the pivotal services last year.
10% were missing evidence of medical visits, and 11% were missing evidence of an ART prescription, raising concerns around disease progression and higher incidence of AIDS diagnosis, increased risk of transmitting the virus, and developing antiviral resistance.
The most pronounced gap? Viral load tests. A staggering 23% of enrollees lacked evidence of even a single viral load test in 2021. This absence not only impedes clinicians from making informed decisions but also hampers our collective ability to monitor and respond to the evolving nature of the HIV epidemic.
Perhaps most concerning is the fact that more than 11,000 of these enrollees didn't have evidence of availing any of the three critical services. This is not just a statistic; it's a reflection of real individuals, facing amplified health risks due to system inadequacies.
Jen Laws, CANN's President and CEO, poignantly remarked, "Medicaid represents the greatest public program coverage of PLWH. It also represents the greatest public program coverage of people at risk of acquiring HIV. Medicaid compliance and efficacy is critical to Ending the HIV Epidemic and this report has identified gaps where states have failed to meet their obligations to Medicaid beneficiaries and where CMS has failed to ensure compliance. We must do better if we are going to reach our public health goals."
The report underscores stark disparities in care access between Medicaid-only and dual-eligible enrollees (those with both Medicaid and Medicare). Specifically, Medicaid-only enrollees were three times more likely to lack evidence of any of the three critical services compared to dual-eligible enrollees, with 6% of Medicaid-only enrollees missing out, as opposed to just 2% of the dual-eligible group. Such disparities might stem from various factors, including Medicare's higher fee-for-service rates and the observed long-standing adherence patterns among older adults who have had HIV for prolonged periods.
State-wide Disparities: A Complex Landscape
The disparities in HIV care access across states offer both a grim reality check and a clarion call for systemic reform. Drawing from the OIG report, certain states, notably Arizona, Arkansas, the District of Columbia, and Utah, have alarmingly high proportions of Medicaid-only enrollees without evidence of at least one of the three critical services. For instance, Utah stands out with a staggering 87% of such enrollees missing out on essential care. These aren't just numbers; they represent real individuals grappling with a system that's failing them.
Conversely, some states demonstrate better compliance and efficacy in delivering HIV care, which suggests potential models or strategies that could be emulated across the board. However, the stark variability across states points to the undeniable influence of state-specific policies, the quality of local HIV care infrastructures, and broader challenges associated with healthcare access.
State agencies clearly have much work ahead. These disparities not only indicate potential inefficiencies or gaps in policy implementation but also suggest a pressing need for introspection and reform at the state level. Coupled with challenges in the broader Medicaid system, there's a compelling case for a comprehensive overhaul.
The onus is on both state agencies and the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) to rise to the occasion. The disparities, as evidenced in the report, necessitate a deep dive to understand the underlying causes. Is it a matter of policy misalignment, funding constraints, administrative challenges, or a combination thereof?
For instance, the significant variation in care access among dual-eligible enrollees, ranging from 9% to 53% across states, speaks volumes about the discrepancies in policy implementation and oversight. It's vital to pinpoint these issues, develop tailored interventions, and ensure that every Medicaid enrollee, irrespective of their state, receives the essential services they need.
The Pandemic's Shadow
The COVID-19 pandemic exerted immense pressure on healthcare systems, with profound implications for HIV care. The OIG report highlights the challenges faced by Medicaid enrollees with HIV during the COVID-19 pandemic. A significant finding from the report is the notable deficiency in viral load tests among these enrollees. This underscores the need for healthcare systems to effectively manage and prioritize essential services, even amidst broader healthcare crises. The report serves as a reminder of the importance of consistent and uninterrupted care for conditions like HIV, even when healthcare systems face external pressures.
Steering Towards a Brighter Future
Addressing the glaring disparities laid out in the OIG report goes beyond mere policy recalibration; it challenges our collective resolve to uphold equitable healthcare. In the shadow of the pandemic's aftermath, it's imperative that essential services for PLWH are not just nominally available but are genuinely accessible.
The OIG report's findings don't merely spotlight discrepancies; they highlight systemic lapses. States have fallen short in fulfilling their obligations to Medicaid beneficiaries, and the CMS has not adequately ensured compliance.
To translate this call to action into meaningful change, it's essential to:
Strengthen state-level accountability frameworks to ensure Medicaid obligations are met comprehensively, particularly among states utilizing Managed Care Organizations – ensuring those contracted for-profit insurance companies are meeting their contractual obligations to states. The tools for accountability already exist within these contracts, they merely must be used.
Bolster CMS oversight mechanisms, driving proactive interventions that hold states to account and rectify compliance lapses.
Engage in continuous dialogue with stakeholders, including healthcare providers and beneficiaries, to identify and remedy bottlenecks in care access.
The findings from the OIG report serve as a stark reminder of the work ahead. As Jen Laws aptly states, "We must do better." HIV advocates should consider assessing our engagement with their state Medicaid programs and look for opportunities to act, akin to our engagement Ryan White programs. With concerted efforts, policy reforms, and collective commitment, we can bridge the gaps and ensure comprehensive care for all PLWH.
Assessing Cultural Competency
In the ideal, the patient-provider relationship is smooth, easy, and full of trust. The imagery providers and hospitals often use is reflective of this ideal – smiling patients, providers with the warm but professional demeanor of a teacher speaking to a student, and well-lit surroundings. This is not the experience many of us can ever recall having, even when we do have a positive relationship with our providers. In the best of circumstances, our providers don’t always have as much time as we’d like to help explain something and, in the worst, we’re left feeling angry, talked down to, concerns dismissed, and so thoroughly frustrated, we don’t want to ever see a doctor again. These experiences shape the patient experience in similar ways to consumers approaching any other retail situation. The problem is the relationship between patient trust and engagement in care is far more consequential, often doesn’t allow for much choice, and even the smallest fracture in that trust can affect an individual patient for their entire lives – for communities, it can affect the health of generations.
Kaiser Health News recently covered the issue of assessing patient experiences and satisfaction and how issues of cultural competency are not being adequately measured to identify opportunities for improving patient experiences and even potentially tackling pervasive problems like implicit bias. Of particular note, author Rae Ellen Bichell pointed toward a Health Affairs study that evaluated clinician notes for coded language. The results of the study were remarkable with provider language using a negative frame toward Black patients at 2.5 times the rate white patients were described in a negative light. Digging into the nuances of how providers train to manipulate patient responses, how survey results published by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) only publish aggregate information rather delineated information which might identify an issue of disparate experiences, and how these surveys do not ask patients questions which would assess cultural competency, Bichell puts a fine point on the need to integrate cultural competency as a measure and tool of health equity. As Dr. Oni Blackstock pointed out earlier this year (and routinely does so in a fashion that providers everywhere should take note of), language matters and reflects how providers view their patients – necessarily reflecting how providers approach their patients’ needs.
These buzz words, “health disparities” and “cultural competency”, have been around for some time, picking up steam and attention as the Biden Administration set goals to address disparities further highlighted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Clinics and hospitals tend to offer “cultural competency” trainings, reviewing the needs of particular marginalized demographics. But these trainings tend to also be cursory, quick, and do not have a functional and effective tool to measure patient experiences. Lacking a complementary assessment tool, these trainings do little more than teach providers what slurs they cannot use when describing a patient, rather than ensuring patients are receiving the quality of care they deserve – the quality of care patients need in order to remain engaged in their own care.
Indeed, a common sentiment in assessing HIV and Hepatitis C programs, especially under the frame of stagnating metrics of success, is the notion that “these patients” are just harder to reach, keep in care. So much so that when reviewing various Ending the HIV Epidemic plans, there’s a very clear focus on testing and PrEP, with retention in care as a priority falling far behind despite scientific knowledge that undetectable equals untransmittable – successful engagement in care for people living with HIV is effective prevention. This frame necessarily puts the burden on patients to be engaged without acknowledging barriers to care and the very responsibility of providers (and their government funders) to assess what providers could do differently to earn the trust of patients.
As much noise been made of providers working to be more culturally competent in care, little has been done to measure that competency from the patient perspective. Lacking that data also leaves us blind as to identifying potential problems in provider approaches. Advocates and providers would do well to consider that “patient-centered” care means the patient perspective and experiences is the most key indicator as to if a patient is actually centered in care. Successful provider-patient relationships are the key to tackling medical mistrust and a critical tool in dismantling the systems that further health disparities.
Highlights from the Viral Hepatitis National Strategic Plan
On January 7th, the Department of Health and Human Services announced publication of an updated plan to eliminate viral hepatitis in the United States. This “roadmap” coincides with HHS’s release of the first Sexual Transmitted Infections (STI) National Strategic Plan on December 18th, 2020, and an update to the HIV National Strategic Plan on January 15th, 2021.
Notably, these documents reference one another and specifically call for integrated efforts to tackle these syndemics across stakeholder groups, specifically including substance use-disorder as part of a “holistic” cohort. Additionally, each contains a near identical vision statement:
- The United States will be a place where new viral hepatitis infections are prevented, every person knows their status, and every person with viral hepatitis has high-quality health care and treatment and lives free from stigma and discrimination.
- The United States will be a place where new HIV infections are prevented, every person knows their status, and every person with HIV has high-quality care and treatment and lives free from stigma and discrimination.
- The United States will be a place where sexually transmitted infections are prevented and where every person has high-quality STI prevention, care, and treatment while living free from stigma and discrimination.
All three vision statements end with the following: This vision includes all people, regardless of age, sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, race, ethnicity, religion, disability, geographic location, or socioeconomic circumstance.
Each plan addresses a limited but indefinite list of social determinants of health such as socio-economic burdens impeding access to care, including racism, intimate partner violence (IPV), and stigma and acknowledges discrimination against sexual and gender minorities (SGM). COVID-19 is mentioned repeatedly as underscoring and providing a highlight to the United States’ excessive health disparities, giving a nod to the unfortunate…”opportunity” the pandemic has provided health care advocates working with or as a part of these highly affected, highly marginalized communities. “The pandemic has exacerbated existing challenges in the nation’s public health care system, further exposing decades, if not centuries, of health inequities and its impact on social determinants of health.” Plans also acknowledge personnel and resources from programs addressing STIs, viral hepatitis, and HIV have been heavily redirected toward efforts to address COVID-19.
All plans call for better data sharing across providers and reporting agencies and an increase in surveillance activities, with an emphasis on local-level efforts to rely on local data, rather than national-level trends. Each plan also calls for expanded testing, interventions, linkage to care, provider and community education, and access to treatment, including incarcerated populations. The Viral Hepatitis National Strategic Plan (VHNSP) described “poor quality and a paucity of data” as clear impediment to meeting the goals of the plan. Sparring no stakeholder with access, the plan highlights a need for data sharing among correctional programs, health insurers, public and private health systems, mental and behavioral health, public health entities, and more.
The VHNSP also acknowledges opportunities to take lessons from the fight against HIV and the need to integrate “treatment as prevention” as a powerful tool in combating new HBV and HCV infections.
The Viral Hepatitis Strategy National Plans notes the following key indicators:
On track for 2020 targets:
HBV deaths
HCV deaths
HCV deaths among Black People
Trending in the right direction:
HBV vaccine birth dose (87% for people born between 2015-2016 by 13 months, WHO recommends 90% by 13 months)
HBV vaccine among health care personnel
HBV-related deaths among Black people
HBV-related deaths among people over the age of 45
Not on track:
New HBV infections
New HCV infections
New HBV infections among people 30-49 years of age
HBV-related deaths among Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders
New HCV infections among people of 20-39 years of age
New HCV infections among American Indians and Alaska Natives
The plan recognizes an 71% increase in HCV infections in reporting years 2014-2018 and points toward a strong data correlation between these new infections and the opioid epidemic, based on local area reporting data. Care related challenges include lack of personal status knowledge, perinatal transmission, and cost of curative treatment.
The plan states ideal engagement in various activities across an astoundingly broad scope of stakeholders including faith-based organizations for outreach and education, stigma and anti-bias training among all client-facing personnel, the opportunity to engage comprehensive syringe services programs as an outlet to provide HCV medication and more traditional services like referral for opioid-use disorder, educating providers and employers about federal protections for people with viral hepatitis, increasing awareness through school education programs – specifically culturally sensitive and age-appropriate sex education programs.
From issues of criminalization laws to lack of cohesive data collection, overall, the plan is very welcomed, comprehensive approach toward addressing viral hepatitis. With the STI and HIV plans mirroring very closely.
While the plans call stakeholders to address economic barriers to care and other social determinants of health, specifics are lacking. Stakeholders may wish to consider some of the priorities in the Biden administration’s public health approach including hiring from affected communities (including reducing or allowing alternative education requirements like live-experience or consideration of on-the-job training opportunities). These lofty goals may also require regulatory changes in order to implement and realize them fully (i.e. mechanisms incentivizing correctional facilities and the Veterans Administration to share data with local or state health departments and establish linkage to care programs). Private funders would be wise to take advantage of this opportunity and fund innovative, comprehensive pilot or demonstration projects. Advocates would be wise to leverage these documents when seeking state-level regulatory changes and advocating for federal funding and program design.